![]() The technical innovations of the industrial revolution relied on the mechanization of production and mobility. There was also the setting of a global urban primacy with centers such as Amsterdam, London, and Lisbon dominating. The increasing spatial reach of the main commercial cities and the beginning of a division of labor permitted growth in their population and size. Emerging trade networks were complemented by advances in navigation (through cartography) and payment methods through the setting of banking systems (letters of credit). Several of these territories were incorporated into colonial empires. ![]() Long-distance sailing was a key technology of the mercantile era, enabling the setting of the first truly global trade networks linking emerging European powers with Asia and the Americas. ![]() Since globalization was relying on different technological and economic drivers through time, this temporal evolution was associated with a different urban context, from the small city-states of the mercantilism era (from the 16th to 19th century), to the industrial city (from the 19th to the mid 20th century), to the megalopolis of the early 21st century. Urban areas, as economic units, are influenced by globalization in the scale and scope of their development. Chatterjee (2005) “Economic Consequences of Transport Improvements”, Access, No.
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